See m-lawŋ on Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "*Cə.lon"
},
"expansion": "*Cə.lon",
"name": "IPAfont"
}
],
"text": "Old Chinese: 船 (chuán) /*Cə.lon/ (B-S), /*ɦljon/ (ZS) (\"boat, ship\")"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Middle Chinese: 船 (zywen, /ʑiuᴇn/) (\"boat, ship\")"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Modern Mandarin"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "Beijing: 船 (chuán, /ʈ͡ʂʰu̯a̠n³⁵/, “boat, ship”)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Wu"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "Shanghai: 船 (/z̻ø²³/, “boat, ship”)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Yue"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "Cantonese: 船 (/su̯ɔn²²/, “boat, ship”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Min Nan"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Xiamen: 船 (/t͡sun²⁴/, “boat, ship”)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Teochew: 船 (/t͡suŋ⁵⁵/, “boat, ship”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "tbq-kuk-pro",
"2": "*looŋ"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Kuki-Chin: *looŋ",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Kuki-Chin: *looŋ (VanBik, 2009)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Central Chin"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lus",
"2": "lawng"
},
"expansion": "Mizo: lawng",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Mizo: lawng"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Khomic"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cnk",
"2": "bälawng",
"alts": "1"
},
"expansion": "Khumi Chin: bälawng, mälawng",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Khumi Chin: bälawng, mälawng"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Naga"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mjw",
"2": "telong"
},
"expansion": "Karbi: telong",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Karbi: telong"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Lolo-Burmese-Naxi"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Lolo-Burmese"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Loloish:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "*loŋ¹ ~ *loŋ² (Bradley, 1979)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Burmish"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "my",
"2": "လောင်း",
"t": "long and narrow canoe"
},
"expansion": "Burmese: လောင်း (laung:, “long and narrow canoe”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Written Burmese: လောင်း (laung:, “long and narrow canoe”)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "舟"
},
"expansion": "舟 (OC *tjɯw)",
"name": "och-l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "mkh-pro",
"2": "*ɗuuk",
"3": "*ɗuuk ~ *ɗuk",
"4": "boat, canoe"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Mon-Khmer *ɗuuk ~ *ɗuk (“boat, canoe”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "船"
},
"expansion": "船 (OC *ɦljon)",
"name": "och-l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "沿",
"2": "to go downstream a river"
},
"expansion": "沿 (OC *lon, “to go downstream a river”)",
"name": "och-l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "mkh-pro",
"2": "*d₂luuŋ",
"3": "*d₂lu(u)ŋ ~ *d₂l(u)əŋ",
"4": "boat"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Mon-Khmer *d₂lu(u)ŋ ~ *d₂l(u)əŋ (“boat”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "mnw",
"2": "ဂၠုၚ်",
"t": "canoe, small boat",
"tr": "klɜ̀ŋ"
},
"expansion": "Mon ဂၠုၚ် (klɜ̀ŋ, “canoe, small boat”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "mkh-pro",
"2": "*luuŋ(h)",
"3": "*luŋh ~ *luuŋh ~ *ləŋh",
"4": "to hollow, excavate, bore"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Mon-Khmer *luŋh ~ *luuŋh ~ *ləŋh (“to hollow, excavate, bore”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "km",
"2": "លុង",
"3": "",
"4": "to dig a hole"
},
"expansion": "Khmer លុង (lung, “to dig a hole”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "vi",
"2": "trũng",
"3": "",
"4": "concave"
},
"expansion": "Vietnamese trũng (“concave”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "my",
"2": "လှိုင်း",
"3": "",
"4": "uneven surface"
},
"expansion": "Burmese လှိုင်း (hluing:, “uneven surface”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lus",
"2": "lawng",
"3": "",
"4": "to take out the heart of a wild plantain tree"
},
"expansion": "Mizo lawng (“to take out the heart of a wild plantain tree”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "map-pro",
"2": "*ʀuqaŋ",
"3": "",
"4": "hole, pit"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Austronesian *ʀuqaŋ (“hole, pit”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "tl",
"2": "guang",
"3": "",
"4": "gap, hole"
},
"expansion": "Tagalog guang (“gap, hole”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ms",
"2": "ruang",
"3": "",
"4": "hollow space; ship's well"
},
"expansion": "Malay ruang (“hollow space; ship's well”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "map-pro",
"2": "*luaŋ",
"3": "",
"4": "hole in the ground"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Austronesian *luaŋ (“hole in the ground”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "to",
"2": "luo",
"3": "",
"4": "pit, depression"
},
"expansion": "Tongan luo (“pit, depression”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sm",
"2": "lua",
"3": "",
"4": "hole"
},
"expansion": "Samoan lua (“hole”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "* Proto-Sino-Tibetan: ?\n** Proto-Tibeto-Burman: *m-lawŋ (Matisoff, STEDT); *m-loŋ (Matisoff, 2003); *(m-)loŋ (Benedict, 1972; Weidert, 1987)\nOld Chinese had two words for “boat”:\n* 舟 (OC *tjɯw), ultimately from Proto-Mon-Khmer *ɗuuk ~ *ɗuk (“boat, canoe”). It occurs in Shang bronze inscriptions and was commonly used in central and eastern China.\n* 船 (OC *ɦljon), from this PTB root, is only found in later texts and by Han times had completely replaced the previous synonym. It was used in western China.\nThe latter character is interpretable as a nominal derivative of the verb 沿 (OC *lon, “to go downstream a river”) (Sagart, 1999). However, an alternative proposal about the origin of PTB *m-lawŋ has been advanced by Sidwell (2006) and Schuessler (2007). They regard it as area word of Austroasiatic descent, possibly from Proto-Mon-Khmer *d₂lu(u)ŋ ~ *d₂l(u)əŋ (“boat”), whence Mon ဂၠုၚ် (klɜ̀ŋ, “canoe, small boat”). The PMK root may in turn be a deverbal noun from Proto-Mon-Khmer *luŋh ~ *luuŋh ~ *ləŋh (“to hollow, excavate, bore”); compare Khmer លុង (lung, “to dig a hole”) and Vietnamese trũng (“concave”). This aligns with the fact that, according to the Yijing, ancient Chinese canoes were originally hollowed tree trunks. Compare also Burmese လှိုင်း (hluing:, “uneven surface”) and Mizo lawng (“to take out the heart of a wild plantain tree”).\nFor a similar root in Southeast Asia see also Proto-Austronesian *ʀuqaŋ (“hole, pit”), whence Tagalog guang (“gap, hole”) and Malay ruang (“hollow space; ship's well”); and Proto-Austronesian *luaŋ (“hole in the ground”), whence Tongan luo (“pit, depression”) and Samoan lua (“hole”) (Sidwell, 2006; Blust, ACD).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sit-pro",
"2": "noun"
},
"expansion": "*m-lawŋ",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Sino-Tibetan",
"lang_code": "sit-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Sino-Tibetan/m-lawŋ",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with non-redundant manual script codes",
"parents": [
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"Entry maintenance"
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"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using invalid parameters when calling Template:Sinoxenic",
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},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Sino-Tibetan entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Vietnamese terms with redundant script codes",
"parents": [
"Terms with redundant script codes",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"boat"
],
"id": "en-m-lawŋ-sit-pro-noun-Jc20bY0h",
"links": [
[
"boat",
"boat"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
],
"wikipedia": [
"Yijing"
]
}
],
"word": "m-lawŋ"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "*Cə.lon"
},
"expansion": "*Cə.lon",
"name": "IPAfont"
}
],
"text": "Old Chinese: 船 (chuán) /*Cə.lon/ (B-S), /*ɦljon/ (ZS) (\"boat, ship\")"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Middle Chinese: 船 (zywen, /ʑiuᴇn/) (\"boat, ship\")"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Modern Mandarin"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "Beijing: 船 (chuán, /ʈ͡ʂʰu̯a̠n³⁵/, “boat, ship”)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Wu"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "Shanghai: 船 (/z̻ø²³/, “boat, ship”)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Yue"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "Cantonese: 船 (/su̯ɔn²²/, “boat, ship”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Min Nan"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Xiamen: 船 (/t͡sun²⁴/, “boat, ship”)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Teochew: 船 (/t͡suŋ⁵⁵/, “boat, ship”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "tbq-kuk-pro",
"2": "*looŋ"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Kuki-Chin: *looŋ",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Kuki-Chin: *looŋ (VanBik, 2009)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Central Chin"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lus",
"2": "lawng"
},
"expansion": "Mizo: lawng",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Mizo: lawng"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Khomic"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cnk",
"2": "bälawng",
"alts": "1"
},
"expansion": "Khumi Chin: bälawng, mälawng",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Khumi Chin: bälawng, mälawng"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Naga"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mjw",
"2": "telong"
},
"expansion": "Karbi: telong",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Karbi: telong"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Lolo-Burmese-Naxi"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Lolo-Burmese"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Loloish:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "*loŋ¹ ~ *loŋ² (Bradley, 1979)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Burmish"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "my",
"2": "လောင်း",
"t": "long and narrow canoe"
},
"expansion": "Burmese: လောင်း (laung:, “long and narrow canoe”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Written Burmese: လောင်း (laung:, “long and narrow canoe”)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "舟"
},
"expansion": "舟 (OC *tjɯw)",
"name": "och-l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "mkh-pro",
"2": "*ɗuuk",
"3": "*ɗuuk ~ *ɗuk",
"4": "boat, canoe"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Mon-Khmer *ɗuuk ~ *ɗuk (“boat, canoe”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "船"
},
"expansion": "船 (OC *ɦljon)",
"name": "och-l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "沿",
"2": "to go downstream a river"
},
"expansion": "沿 (OC *lon, “to go downstream a river”)",
"name": "och-l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "mkh-pro",
"2": "*d₂luuŋ",
"3": "*d₂lu(u)ŋ ~ *d₂l(u)əŋ",
"4": "boat"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Mon-Khmer *d₂lu(u)ŋ ~ *d₂l(u)əŋ (“boat”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "mnw",
"2": "ဂၠုၚ်",
"t": "canoe, small boat",
"tr": "klɜ̀ŋ"
},
"expansion": "Mon ဂၠုၚ် (klɜ̀ŋ, “canoe, small boat”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "mkh-pro",
"2": "*luuŋ(h)",
"3": "*luŋh ~ *luuŋh ~ *ləŋh",
"4": "to hollow, excavate, bore"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Mon-Khmer *luŋh ~ *luuŋh ~ *ləŋh (“to hollow, excavate, bore”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "km",
"2": "លុង",
"3": "",
"4": "to dig a hole"
},
"expansion": "Khmer លុង (lung, “to dig a hole”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "vi",
"2": "trũng",
"3": "",
"4": "concave"
},
"expansion": "Vietnamese trũng (“concave”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "my",
"2": "လှိုင်း",
"3": "",
"4": "uneven surface"
},
"expansion": "Burmese လှိုင်း (hluing:, “uneven surface”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lus",
"2": "lawng",
"3": "",
"4": "to take out the heart of a wild plantain tree"
},
"expansion": "Mizo lawng (“to take out the heart of a wild plantain tree”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "map-pro",
"2": "*ʀuqaŋ",
"3": "",
"4": "hole, pit"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Austronesian *ʀuqaŋ (“hole, pit”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "tl",
"2": "guang",
"3": "",
"4": "gap, hole"
},
"expansion": "Tagalog guang (“gap, hole”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ms",
"2": "ruang",
"3": "",
"4": "hollow space; ship's well"
},
"expansion": "Malay ruang (“hollow space; ship's well”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "map-pro",
"2": "*luaŋ",
"3": "",
"4": "hole in the ground"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Austronesian *luaŋ (“hole in the ground”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "to",
"2": "luo",
"3": "",
"4": "pit, depression"
},
"expansion": "Tongan luo (“pit, depression”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sm",
"2": "lua",
"3": "",
"4": "hole"
},
"expansion": "Samoan lua (“hole”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "* Proto-Sino-Tibetan: ?\n** Proto-Tibeto-Burman: *m-lawŋ (Matisoff, STEDT); *m-loŋ (Matisoff, 2003); *(m-)loŋ (Benedict, 1972; Weidert, 1987)\nOld Chinese had two words for “boat”:\n* 舟 (OC *tjɯw), ultimately from Proto-Mon-Khmer *ɗuuk ~ *ɗuk (“boat, canoe”). It occurs in Shang bronze inscriptions and was commonly used in central and eastern China.\n* 船 (OC *ɦljon), from this PTB root, is only found in later texts and by Han times had completely replaced the previous synonym. It was used in western China.\nThe latter character is interpretable as a nominal derivative of the verb 沿 (OC *lon, “to go downstream a river”) (Sagart, 1999). However, an alternative proposal about the origin of PTB *m-lawŋ has been advanced by Sidwell (2006) and Schuessler (2007). They regard it as area word of Austroasiatic descent, possibly from Proto-Mon-Khmer *d₂lu(u)ŋ ~ *d₂l(u)əŋ (“boat”), whence Mon ဂၠုၚ် (klɜ̀ŋ, “canoe, small boat”). The PMK root may in turn be a deverbal noun from Proto-Mon-Khmer *luŋh ~ *luuŋh ~ *ləŋh (“to hollow, excavate, bore”); compare Khmer លុង (lung, “to dig a hole”) and Vietnamese trũng (“concave”). This aligns with the fact that, according to the Yijing, ancient Chinese canoes were originally hollowed tree trunks. Compare also Burmese လှိုင်း (hluing:, “uneven surface”) and Mizo lawng (“to take out the heart of a wild plantain tree”).\nFor a similar root in Southeast Asia see also Proto-Austronesian *ʀuqaŋ (“hole, pit”), whence Tagalog guang (“gap, hole”) and Malay ruang (“hollow space; ship's well”); and Proto-Austronesian *luaŋ (“hole in the ground”), whence Tongan luo (“pit, depression”) and Samoan lua (“hole”) (Sidwell, 2006; Blust, ACD).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sit-pro",
"2": "noun"
},
"expansion": "*m-lawŋ",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Sino-Tibetan",
"lang_code": "sit-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Sino-Tibetan/m-lawŋ",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Japanese terms with non-redundant manual script codes",
"Pages using invalid parameters when calling Template:Sinoxenic",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Sino-Tibetan entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Sino-Tibetan lemmas",
"Proto-Sino-Tibetan nouns",
"Vietnamese terms with redundant script codes"
],
"glosses": [
"boat"
],
"links": [
[
"boat",
"boat"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
],
"wikipedia": [
"Yijing"
]
}
],
"word": "m-lawŋ"
}
Download raw JSONL data for m-lawŋ meaning in All languages combined (7.3kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-11-06 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-10-02 using wiktextract (fbeafe8 and 7f03c9b). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.